MySQL基礎篇
2.1 數據類型
MySQL中定義數據字段的類型對你數據庫的優化是非常重要的。
2.1.1 數值類型
2.1.2 日期和時間類型
2.1.3 字符串類型
整型
?tinyint,占1字節,有符號:-128~127,無符號位:0~255
浮點型
?float([m[,d]]) 占4字節,1.17E-38~3.4E+38
字符型
?char([m]):固定長度的字符,占用m字節
2.2 常用select命令
使用select命令查看mysql數據庫系統信息:
select now();
— 打印當前的日期
select curdate();
— 打印當前的時間
select curtime();
— 打印當前數據庫
select database();
— 打印MySQL版本
select version();
— 打印當前用戶
select user();
–查看系統信息
show variables; show global variables; show global variables like '%version%'; show variables like '%storage_engine%'; 默認的存儲引擎
like模糊搜索還可用戶where字句,例如
select * from students where stname like '%l%1%2%3%';
除了like 還有not like
–查看系統運行狀態信息
show status; show global status like 'Thread%';
2.3 導出,導入數據庫
2.3.1 導入數據庫
導入數據庫前必須創建一個空數據庫
mysql -e 'create database book' -uroot -p123456 或者登陸 mysql create database book;
導入(方法一)
mysql -uroot -p123456 book < book.sql mysql> use book; mysql> show tables; +----------------+ | Tables_in_book | +----------------+ | books | | catego +----------------+
導入(方法二)
create database book; mysql> use book; mysql> source /root/book.sql #sql腳本的路徑 mysql> show tables; +----------------+ | Tables_in_book | +----------------+ | books | | category | +----------------+
2.3.2 導出數據庫
導出數據庫:mysqldump -u 用戶名 -p 數據庫名 > 導出的文件名
mysqldump -uroot -p123456 book>book2.sql
擴展知識
如何把一個select的結果導出到文本
select * into outfile '/tmp/123.txt' from books; 此處有個文件訪問權限問題,mysql用戶是可以訪問/tmp路徑的,所以這里放到tmp下 select * from books into outfile '/tmp/456.txt'; 其實就是備份數據庫
2.4 sql查詢語句進階
在我們剛導入的book數據庫進行測試
2.4.1 查看表的內容:
mysql> select * from category; mysql> select * from books; mysql> select * from booksG
2.4.2 查看字段類型:
desc 表名
mysql> desc books;
2.4.3 邏輯運算符:
and or not
mysql> select bName,publishing,price from books where price=30 or price=40 or price=50 or price=60; +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+ | bName | publishing | price | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+ | Illustrator 10完全手冊 | 科學出版社 | 50 | | FreeHand 10基礎教程 | 北京希望電子出版 | 50 | | 網站設計全程教程 | 科學出版社 | 50 | | ASP數據庫系統開發實例導航 | 人民郵電出版社 | 60 | | Delphi 5程序設計與控件參考 | 電子工業出版社 | 60 | | ASP數據庫系統開發實例導航 | 人民郵電出版社 | 60 | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+
2.4.4 算術運算符:
= 等于
大于
WHERE column IN (value1,value2,...) WHERE column NOT IN (value1,value2,...)Not in 與in相反
找出價格大于60的記錄
mysql> select bName,price from books where price>60;
找出價格為60的
mysql> select bName,price from books where price=60;
找出價格不等于60的
mysql> select bName,price from books where price<>60;
找出價格是60,50,70的記錄
mysql> select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70);
找出價格不是60,50,70的記錄
mysql> select bName,price from books where price not in (50,60,70);
2.4.5 排序:
升序:order by “排序的字段” asc 默認
mysql> select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70) order by price asc; +------------------------------------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +------------------------------------------------+-------+ | Illustrator 10完全手冊 | 50 | | FreeHand 10基礎教程 | 50 | | 網站設計全程教程 | 50 | | ASP數據庫系統開發實例導航 | 60 | | Delphi 5程序設計與控件參考 | 60 | | ASP數據庫系統開發實例導航 | 60 |
mysql> select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70) order by price desc; +--------------------------------------+-----------------+ | bName | price | +--------------------------------------+-----------------+ | ASP數據庫系統開發實例導航 | 60 | | Delphi 5程序設計與控件參考 | 60 | | ASP數據庫系統開發實例導航 | 60 | | Illustrator 10完全手冊 | 50 | | FreeHand 10基礎教程 | 50 | | 網站設計全程教程 | 50 |
多個字段排序
select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70) order by price desc,bName desc;
2.4.6 范圍運算:
[not]between ….and….
mysql> select bName,price from books where price not between 30 and 60 order by price desc;
注:
(30,60) >30 and <60 [30,60] >=30 and <=60
2.4.7 模糊匹配查詢:
字段名 [not]like ‘通配符’ —-》% 任意多個字符
查找書名中包括"程序"字樣記錄
mysql> select bName from books where bName like '%程序%'; 不含有 mysql> select bName from books where bName not like '%程序%';
2.4.8 MySQL子查詢:
概念:在select 的where條件中又出現了select
選擇 類型名為“網絡技術”的圖書:
mysql> select bName,bTypeId from books where bTypeId=(select bTypeId from category where bTypeName='網絡技術');
選擇類型名稱為“***”的圖書;
mysql> select bName,bTypeId from books where bTypeId=(select bTypeId from category where bTypeName='***');
2.4.9 Limit限定顯示的條目:
SELECT * FROM table LIMIT [offset,] rows 偏移量 行數
LIMIT 子句可以被用于強制 SELECT 語句返回指定的記錄數。LIMIT 接受一個或兩個數字參數。參數必須是一個整數常量。如果給定兩個參數,第一個參數指定第一個返回記錄行的偏移量,第二個參數指定返回記錄行的最大數目。初始記錄行的偏移量是 0(而不是 1):
比如select * from table limit m,n語句
查出category表中第2條到第6行的記錄。
mysql> select * from category limit 1,5; +---------+--------------+ | bTypeId | bTypeName | +---------+--------------+ | 2 | 網站 | | 3 | 3D動畫 | | 4 | linux學習 | | 5 | Delphi學習 | | 6 | *** | +---------+--------------+
查看所有書籍中價格中最低的三條記錄
mysql> select bName,price from books order by price asc limit 0,3; +-----------------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +-----------------------------+-------+ | 網站制作直通車 | 34 | | ***與網絡安全 | 41 | | 網絡程序與設計-asp | 43 |
我們將子查詢和限制條目,算術運算結合起來查詢
mysql> select bName,price from books where publishing="電子工業出版社" order by price asc limit 0,1; mysql> select bName,price from books where price<(select price from books where publishing="電子工業出版社" order by price asc limit 0,1);
或者
mysql> select bName,price from books where price<all(select price from books where publishing="電子工業出版社");
2.4.10 連接查詢:
以一個共同的字段,求兩張表當中符合條件的并集。 通過共同字段把這兩張表連接起來。
內連接
select 字段 from 表1 inner join 表2 on 表1.字段=表2.字段
內連接:根據表中的共同字段進行匹配
select a.bname,a.price,b.btypename from books a inner join category b on a.btypeid=b.btypeid; 實際使用中inner可省略掉 跟WHERE 子句結果一樣 select a.bname,a.price,b.btypename from books a, category b where a.btypeid=b.btypeid;
外連接 (分為左外連接;右外連接)
左連接: select 字段 from a表 left join b表 on 連接條件
Select a.bname,a.price,b.btypename from books a left join category b on a.btypeid=b.btypeid;
右連接:select 字段 from a表 right join b表 on 條件
Select a.bname,b.* from books a right join category b on a.btypeid=b.btypeid; 右連接,可以多表連接
2.4.11 聚合函數
函數:執行特定功能的代碼塊。
mysql> select sum(price) from books; 或select sum(price) as 圖書總價 from books; +------------+ | sum(price) | +------------+ | 10048 | +------------+
avg()平均值:
mysql> select avg(price) from books where bId<=3; +------------+ | avg(price) | +------------+ | 39.3333 | +------------+
max() 最大值:
mysql> select bName,max(price) from books; 這種方法是錯誤的
我們來查一下最貴的圖書是哪本?
select bname,price from books order by price asc limit 0,3;
可見最貴書是Javascript與Jscript從入門到精通,而不是網站制作直通車
select bName,price from books where price=(select max(price) from books); +----------------------------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +----------------------------------------+-------+ | Javascript與Jscript從入門到精通 | 7500 | +----------------------------------------+-------+
min()最小值:
mysql> select bName,price from books where price=(select min(price) from books); +-----------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +-----------------------+-------+ | 網站制作直通車 | 34 | +-----------------------+-------+
count()統計記錄數:
mysql> select count(*) from books where price>40; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 43 | +----------+
Count()中還可以增加你需要的內容,比如增加distinct來配合使用
select count(distinct price) from books where price>40;
算數運算:
/
mysql> update books set price=price+5 where price<40;
給所有價格高于70元的書籍打8折
mysql> update books set price=price*0.8 where price>70;
字符串函數:
mysql> select substr(bTypeName,1,7) from category where bTypeId=10; +-----------------------+ | substr(bTypeName,1,7) | +-----------------------+ | AutoCAD | 本來是AutoCAD技術 +-----------------------+
select substr(bTypeName,8,2)from category where bTypeId=10; +-----------------------+ | substr(bTypeName,8,2) | +-----------------------+ | 技術 | 只截取漢字 +-----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
concat(str1,str2,str3…..) 拼接。 把多個字段拼成一個字段輸出
mysql> select concat(bName,publishing) from books; mysql> select concat(bName,"-----",publishing) from books;
大小寫轉換
mysql> select upper(bname) from books where bId=9; +---------------------------+ | upper(bname) | +---------------------------+ | DREAMWEAVER 4?捆臺?? | +---------------------------+
這樣轉換中文會出現亂碼
mysql> select lower(bName) from books where bId=10; +-------------------------------+ | lower(bName) | +-------------------------------+ | 3d max 3.0 創作效果百例 | +-------------------------------+